A Decade Of Conflicts And Child Soldiers Sociology Essay

A Decade Of Conflicts And electric razor Soldiers Sociology EssayIn the sometime(prenominal) decade due to deadly affair near the creative activity, nestlingren were a good deal and to a greater extent sacrificed as baby bird soldiers. For the barbarianren the world is now more ferocious and violated place. In the last decade, 2 million fryren were killed due to divergences. to a great extent than 12 million electric razorren were made nationalless, while 6 million chel arn study been injured or disabled. It is approximate that an separate 20 million minorren study been displaced within the boarders of their knowledge countries. At either addicted sentence, pincerren beneath the get on with of 18 age who affirm been exceptionaltyd or encouraged to record up arms as child soldiers is generally in the lay out of 300,000. Each course of instruction 8,000 to 10,000 children amaze the victims of land mines.12. Child soldiers have feature prominently in supranational and internal contest in spick-and-span-fangled years. In one of the most deadly conflicts, children feature most prominently in the solicitudeist campaign of Sri Lanka Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). They were agitateing for an independence tell apart Tamil mono-ethnic state in north eastern Sri Lanka. They utilized both(prenominal) male and female fighters in guerrilla and terrorist attacks against military, political, economic, religious and cultural targets.3. by and by the ethnic riots of Black July in 1983, there was a messinessive migration of politeian to India. The LTTE leadership decided to establish a provision base in India for recruits less than 16 years of age from the civilian who fled to India. Initially the LTTE set them (child soldiers) as Tiger Cubs. Then they received non-military training, most primary educational activity and physical exercises. In 1984, LTTE changed the name of Tiger Cubs and formed new well-disposed unit of measure ment called screw up group . It is nonhing but the child soldier unit of LTTE fighting wing.4. The child fighters were originally a part of the Baby Brigade but later LTTE gradually comprised them with new(prenominal) units to refill the sedate losses. Since April 1995, some 60 percent of LTTE cadres killed in combat were children. Olivichu, the LTTE monthly de bank billation release, supports those trends. A study by a United Kingdom base Sri Lankan researcher Dushy Ranatunge reveals that at least 60 percent of the dead LTTE fighters were on a lower floor(a) 18 years and ar mostly girls and boys age in mingled with 10 to 16.25. At the time of researching on this topic, the authorities of Sri Lanka totally cut across away the LTTE. But there be no of fight make children and child soldiers be in IDP camps and renewal centres .CHAPTER 2 methodologyPREVIEW1. The aim of this presenting on rehabilitation of child soldiers to help desegregate them in to ball club is to study the factors behind child soldiering, why they became as chilled combatant, the role of international community and the role of regime of Sri Lanka on this and how integrate them back to ships company.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM2. Most of the countries in the world facet this problem due to internal conflicts. When it is studying there ar so galore(postnominal) reasons behind that. Due to non education and poor family back reasonableness may cause child to joint with some terrorist governing as a chilled combatant. In Sri Lanka resent past LTTE has commencen children by force for their terrorist activities.3. In Sri Lanka though war is over there are telephone number of chilled soldiers in IDP camps. Children make obedient and cheep soldiers capability of magisterial terror on civilians and government forces. Child soldiers are forced to fight and are generally illiterate and from poor families. The children survive from combat are often physically injure d and psychologically scared.Some of the factors covered as follows.a Who is the child soldierb Reasons behind child to became as soldiersc Child combatant is a biggest problem in the worldd It is observed that most of the Asian countries face this probleme In Sri Lanka it is considerable numbers of child soldiers butt joint be seen in the IDP campsf UNO and NGOs role in this issueg How to take them in to purchase order as a normal children.I volition alliance take them in to society as a children.J What are the steps that batch be take to rehabilitate them.K Sri Lanka governments role on this issue.THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS4. Due to the war children suffered physically and noeticly. As a nation we should take them in to the society identical as other children. So that we should establish good environment for them and Sri Lankan government should have a toilsome national jut for thatMETHOD OF data COLLECTION5. The methodology adopted in gathering data will be as followsExtra cts from child psychology publications.Extracts from newspapers and reports.Extracts from books published on child soldiering.Interviews and questionnaires.Related web sites of the Internet.Guidance and advice of experts on the subject.CHAPTER3THE pip-squeakHOODDEFINITION OF nipper1. According to the 1989, UN CRC, a child means e real human worldnessness below the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable in their case, the age of maturity is attained earlier. The age of maturity is a mixer, religious and cultural or legal device by which societies acknowledge the change to adulthood and there is no necessary correlation betwixt any of the age levels.32. The idea of the child as a psyche under 18 years of age is widely accepted in international circles, even if a different terminology such(prenominal) as early days or progeny great deal may be a expose ward to describe those in the crucial 15-18 age bracket whose physical, frantic and intellectual maturity is ra pidly developing even as they touch on to face certain(prenominal) legal constraints. Clearly, those under 18, no matter their one-on-one capacities, are generally presumed not to appreciate fully the nature and consequences of their follow through.CHILD HOOD, A POTENTIAL TARGET3. Although the Convention defined as a child in general as anyone below the age of 18 years, most young combatants are between 15 and 18. A majority of these trained child soldiers were boys, but signifi chamberpott numbers of girls are to a fault engaged.4. Though child rights activists are campaigning at international, national and local anesthetic anesthetic level to rise the age to 18, there is no international shaping or mechanism to regulate against guerrilla and terrorist organizations recruiting children to their organizations.BASIC NEEDS OF CHILDREN5. Their radical human considers of survival and growth to their full potential are largely, if not wholly, dependent for fulfilment, especially in their early years on the willingness and ability of adults to recognize and discharge their obligation to protect them.THE CONVENTION ON RIGHTS OF CHILDREN6. Today children around the world suffer abuses in more ways. Child soldiering is one such situation. Children were kidnapped or forcibly recruited to umteen militant organizations to serve as soldiers. They were ill-treated when they were with militant groups. Once they surrender or captured by government forces they were imprisoned in inhuman conditions. Some clock they were im localisee in cells with adults without considering their rights as children. The Convention on the Right of the Child hurl childrens rights on the worlds agenda. It is the most widely confirm treaty in the world. take by the United Nations General Assembly on November 20, 1989, the Convention promises children around the world the right to living, liberty, education, and health care.7. The Convention on the Rights of the child emphatic the impo rtance of a happy childhood and it had been described the Rights of the Child very clearly and most comprehensively in its 54 articles guaranteeing for the first time social and economic as well civil and political rights adding new rights never before recognized. It is said that granting a Child the Right to nurture and freedom of expression would amount to allowing him/her as well, to decide on the brio and organization of the family and society.CHAPTER 4CHILD SOLDIERSDEFINITION OF CHILD SOLDIER1. A child soldier is any person under 18 years of age who is a part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to cooks, porters, messengers and anyone accompanying such groups other than family members.4REASONS FOR CHILD TO BECOME A CHILD SOLDIER2. There is a very thin line that separates voluntary from forced recruitment. It is not contingent to know exactly at what age a young person is capable of volunteering in the wa y we accept that of an adult. No one makes a decision in a vacuum and clearly a child can be susceptible to certain types of pressure from certain slew and circumstances beyond their control.3. Although forced recruitment of children is practiced in many countries (Burma, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Angola, Sri Lanka and Sudan), a majority of them are not so much forced.4. Examining different mise en scenes and taking into account the specific put throughs of children will help us to draw a clearer picture of the child soldier in a given conflict. Forced recruitment of children happens because of shortages of adult soldiers, institutionalised discrimination against certain sectors of society, a perceived need to control the population.5. There are many young people voluntarily join armed groups. In attempting to beg off why children join armed groups. We can try to examine the chases5a. foundation factors. These are immediate happening of events, situations or exact rea sons that cause a childs participation such as urgent or emergency several(prenominal) needs or family problems and suggestions and pressure from peers and adults. Their social environment influences childrens subjective spirit of reality and these exert strong pressure on the children.b. Circumstantial factors. These are the complex order of situations or influences existing, occurring in and resulting from the childs significant litigates and relations providing context and history to their involvement and growth. It could be a combination of any of the following experience of neglect and abuse, poor parenting styles and weak family ties, negative experiences in school, etc.c. Contributory factors. These are factors that aggravate the current situation of children and young people in their given localities. These are the social, political, cultural and economic realities in society today such as poverty, social injustice, limited or no access to basic services, militarizatio n of daily life, and structural military unit.6. Children are assailable to military recruitment because of their emotional and physical immaturity. They are easily manipulated and can be drawn into violence that they are too young to push or understand. Technological advances in weaponry and the proliferation of small arms have contributed to the increased use of child soldiers.POVERTY AND FAMILY BACKGROUNG7. Poverty and lack of learning are said to be among key causes that draw hundreds of young boys and girls to took up arms in Sri Lankas North East and many are in all probability to face starvation if they quit the guerrillas.6If a significant number of child soldiers were indeed released this would augur well for the afterlife.8. Poverty is the main reason for join the war. Due to domestic problems especially the financial difficulties, these children were prevented from schooling and were pushed by their own parents to join the LTTE organization. Mostly the children of high society like upper elucidate and upper middle class or middle class are not recruited as child soldiers. Reason was that these families are well educate and guided well these prevailing conditions.TAMIL SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY9. In 1983 riots Tamil as a group were humiliated, the youths took up arms to prevent pure(a) eclipse of the group indistinguishability. Language was the vital element of the Tamil identity. The identity develops from childhood through successive psycho-social stages to culminate in youth.710. For younger girls, who experience the wide spread socio- cultural burdensomeness against their perk up, it is a means of unhorse and liberation. In many youngsters political repression, socio economic deprivation, frustration in life and fear of enemy has become prime motives if not compulsions for connecter the militants. some other potential factor has been the oppressive Tamil-Hindu society where lower castes were suppressed by the so-called higher castes. For many from the lower castes joining the militants become a way out of this oppressive system.VIOLENCE11 Laws such as the prevention of Terrorist Act and the Emergency Regulation allow for detention for commodious periods with out judicial process and sometimes violent act against such detainees. For example Bindunuwewa massacre. The great carry on of this kind of structural violence and oppression is on the younger generation. These conditions create a sense of fear and despair12. Recruitment to the LTTE has remained largely voluntarily earlier. But the majority recruited may be children. LTTE denied that they used child soldiers. Likewise child recruitment by the LTTE was to become institutionalised after 1990. Older men were no longer joining.8In 1987 the LTTE banned other Tamil militant groups and started using young boys and girls as fighters.IMPACT OF CHILD SOLDIERING TOWARDS CHILDREN13. War has be fallen a grave impact on a child development on attitudes, beliefs relatio nships with his countrymen and society, moral ethics and values and the mental framework for understanding society and understanding his own self and life itself. Children represent the prospective society in which these conflicts are waged but what will be the future and what can be anticipate from these nations where the horizon is masked by brutality and the youths of future generation are robbed of their golden childhoodDIRECT IMPACT14. remainder and injury.a. Child soldiers are being used in more than mental capacityinal countries around the world. Children forced to take part in atrocities were often given medicines to overcome their fear or reluctance to fight. Because of their immaturity and lack of experience, child soldiers suffer higher casualties than their adult foreknowparts. Even after the conflict is over, they may be left physically disabled915. Human right abuse.Sri Lanka has traditionally high level of education and training provided for children. But due to the past conflict many displaced children lose key identity document that is their feature certificate. Since birth certificate is an important document in Sri Lanka, displaced children are otiose to gain full access to education. Not even that, they will not able to apply to all important national identity card which mustiness be present at every check points and need for day to day work.16. Displacement.a. Child soldiering and displacement are so integrally related. It demonstrates that it is extremely difficult to separate the impact of conflicts on children from the impact of small arms. Measures to ameliorate one situation often improve the other.b. power child soldiers are vulnerable to displacement. They cannot simply return to their families and communities, and some families may reject them due to crimes committed and instead they become internally displaced person, refugee or seekers.INDIRECT IMPACT17. Psychological trauma.a. Children appeared to be much more capab le of retuning to normal after stress. But in the long term, when the armed conflicts continues, when no safe and secure not available for children, they may be put under enormous strain. Adults may not easily recognize the semipermanent responses of children to death, destruction and disruption, as children cannot verbally express their feeling and experiences. The way child react to trauma will depend on his/her age. The response as well as is influenced by the nature of the trauma. Some common traumatic experiences are time interval anxiety, emotional disorders, sleep disturbances, unable to express and release their emotions verbally or otherwise, behaviour changes etc.10Anti social or psychopathic personalities are characterized by a conspicuous lack of conscience and human sympathy, rejection of social norms, emotional coldness, poor relationship, meaninglessness, cruel, callous and aggressive behaviour and poor itch control. Delinquents, aggressive and psychopathic persona lities may do well in a military set up where their energies and excess aggression can be diverted to national ends and their confinements to the Army proves to be a protection for society.d. Children complained of headaches, dizziness, fainting spells or chest pains with out a few days or months of joining the military movement. They were found to have repressed, separation anxiety for their parents and home or difficulty in adjusting to the rigorous training and militant life.e. The traumatic loss of family members, the experiences of cruelty, atrocity or barbaric behaviour, rarely leave in sight scars but the lay outs are profound. Children may withdrew from contract, some become obsess with violence or live on feelings of guilt or fantasies of avenge and become preoccupied with their role in past events.18. Insecurity.a. Child soldiers are basically displaced. Displacement for these children means insecurity and lack of access to choice, resources and opportunities. As chil d soldiers who cannot simply go home, it means risk of death, disability and solid psychological trauma.b. The social, psychological, moral and emotional deprivation they suffer, the persistent fear of loosing or the actual loss of parents are as damaging to childhood as being deprived of regimen, water and health care. They may have no idea that there could be better future. So many child soldiers have grown into adulthood without having known their family for long periods.19. Culture of violence.a. moving picture of children during their formative years to insecurity, hopelessness, and violent deaths of loved ones as well as other cruel and aggressive acts and to the full paraphernalia of war with its instruments of destruction will permanently influence their development.b. So the delinquency has been found to be a common complication of exposure to war conditions. It is similarly in all likelihood that repeated exposure to violence, a family life ruled by terror and frequen t disruption and a society in a continuous state of disequilibrium, where acceptance and praise to given to act of violence and acknowledgment to the instruments of war teaches the child quickly the ways of violence20. Lost opportunities.a. The carriage of these widespread sophisticated weapons can have significant effect on future opportunities for children. The continued presence of these weapons in post conflict societies not only undermines a countrys ability to sustain peace but alike represents a major stumbling block to sustainable human development. Children are naughtily affected by the lack of sustainable developments.b. Spread of two-decade conflict has caused much(prenominal) suffering to millions of children caught up in armed conflict, not only during the conflict but also for reduction there after. The presence, proliferation and misuse of small weapons and descend weapons have a devastating impact on children in conflict and post conflict societies. Cheap, easy to use and widely available these weapons open fire many contemporary conflicts and prolong, spread and deeper the consequences of conflictEFFECTS OF CHILD join TOWARDS THE SOCIETY21. The war has affected the functioning of the family unit in many ways. From the loss of one or both parents, separations concomitantly the children may it be Sinhalese or Tamil. Our Sri Lankan society is still based on the family. As such, the family tie is destroyed as a result of their child members being used in combat. Therefore, the society with dispersed families is destroyed to a greater extent.22. The children from their young peer groups are separated by the war. This is what actually expected by the LTTE. Their parents are desolate and helpless and other family members are apt(p) to ill treatment by the security forces. These children are being taught to follow only the LTTE leaders and to ignore the normal law of the country. After joining the organization they were motivated in such a m anner that they were animated to take revenge from the Sri Lankan forces and the Sinhalese people in the South. Most of them did not have any idea near so called independent Tamil state before they joined the organization. But after some times when they were captured only they had realized and understood the real Sinhala soldier and its cordial reception and the importance of peace.23. These children at the beginning, although they join the organization with willingness, face serious mental retardation because they lack the parental love and affection. There is no kind treatment or love from the LTTE organization even they fall queasy. They are not treated well but are ill cared. such treatment has affected the childs mind very badly.24. Before this LTTE came into being, family setup, the connection between the parents and their children was so much good and it has affected the society very favourably. This has rewarded the society with very decent children. As such small child ren being taken out of the families, whether forcibly or volitionally, have directly affected the families as well aCHAPTER 5ANALYSIS1. Mainly the child soldiers are from the Tamil community, especially from the lower castes of oppressed Hindu Tamils. Initially Tamil youths joined the LTTE organization. However, in time the older youths escaped and migrated. Older men were no longer joining. Then the LTTE started using children and women as fighters recruiting them forcibly and willingly after motivated.2. LTTE organization was one of the most dangerous front line in guerrilla organization in the world. They select children from the poor families, mickle trodden broken families, families of illiterate parents, and from the families of fallen heroes and families of poverty ridden and the children who are orphaned having scattered their elders and relatives. LTTE was fully aware that they are violating child rights but continue to pervert telling that they come to them seeking re cruitment. At the some time the LTTE organization terrorized the Tamil community and has laid down an unwritten law to the effect that every family must contribute a child of either sex to the organization.113. Children separated from their families become mentally disabled or permanently sick and deprived of earning, food shelter and of family ties and education. Some of them have become drug addicted, violent and criminals. They have become a burden to themselves and to the Tamil society, to the consentient country and to the whole world. On the other hand, their old parents neglected and unaffectionate too have become another burden to society along with them.4. War is the main reason for such a situation. The prime indebtedness of the government, NGOs and the UN is to stop as well as evade children joining the war. set off the violation of childrens rights and as well as a proper and counterbalance rehabilitation while justificationing the childrens rights.5. At rehabilita tion camps in Sri Lanka more than snow former Tamil Tiger child soldiers are undergoing a year long rehabilitation course. There are nearly 300 child soldiers are integrate them in to society. Although the camp is surrounded by prickly wire and guarded by the Army, the inmates say the atmosphere inside is more like hostel. Many of them says that the LTTE took them by force.12CHAPTER 6RECOMMENDATIONS1. Education and awareness create are key elements in changing the reintegration of youth into post conflict societies and cultures of violence. Hence, the Government must provide effective programmes that provide peaceful alternatives to counter conflict, violence and crime and eliminate the effects of armed struggle on the psycho-social development of children and their communities.2. As such the authorities must take action to create secure conditions within which children can be educated and interact socially. The government must spare sufficient amount of money for the development of schools, rebuilding of schools, public libraries, health care facilities, publication of books,and recreational areas as an incentive to develop community peace essential for the well being of children.3. Government must bring forward an accepted economic plan viable and effective, giving war affected children an opportunity to rehabilitate, to have shelter, food and education by coordinating NGOs, agencies and other donor approaches under a rights based frame-work implimented in order to protect children in futuere conflict.4. Special help should be paid by the government to eliminate in future recruitment of children into armed forces and groups by achieving universal ratification and full slaying of the optional Protocol to the Convention on the rights of the child on the involvment of children in armed conflict without reservation and declaration of 18 as the negligible age for voluntary recruitments.5. also the Government should legalize the using of children under 18 ye ars in armed conflict as a criminal offence, and must grant refugee status to children under 18 years.6. Also provide primary health care and rehabilitative care of children with sound health conditions and specially the psychological care and facilitate the fullest possible social integration.7. The Government should provide emergency relief to rehabilitate the agriculture neckcloth and fisheries and to re-employ or to employ them on other income generating enterprise to enhance local capacities to improve house hold security on a self-directed and sustainable basis in the North and East.8. Also the Government must take steps to start programmes dedicated to family unification for former child soldiers.9. Prohibiting of the import of arms to groups that use child soldiers as well as eliminating economical assistance to the same should be started by the Government.11. Provide special care and tutelage considering the impact of conflicts of children, being victims of the conflict, on girls in particular the specific abuses perpetrated against them, and must take actions immediately to protect the rights of children and the rights of women.12. The government must facilitate all requirements to eliminate HIV/AIDS infection and other sexually transmitted diseases spread through rape and sexual violence and against girls with children born from rape.13. Special attention must be taken by the Government to provide successful rehabilitation through social and medical checkup support and counseling, as girls and boys fulfill different roles within the armed groups and also a gender analysis must be included essentially because the girls represent the reproductive force of a damaged community.14. Government and civil organizations should prioritize protection of unaccompanied or separated girls, for example, organizing special try-on and safeguards for such female children and others at particular risk of recruitment.15. The Government should procure universal bi rth registration to have everyone a Birth documentation and in order to prevent recruitment under 18 by default.16. The Government must ensure speedy registration procedures at Camps and Settlements.18. recognise effort to trace and reconcile former child soldiers with their families, using semipermanent institutional care only as a last resort.19. The Government must take early action to restrict civilian self-will of military assault-weapons and include restrictions on the age of the user with a lower limit age required.20. The Government should use the Media to give the real picture to the mass by exhibiting how and why these children join the war and by using the electronic media the State must systematically dismantle the structures of discrimination and violence against these young human beings and the Tamil minority, as well.21 Evan after children leave the rehabilitation center and return to their families should follow the progress of their normal life. Should help them to turn around up their missed schooling and should give them a vocational training with the support of NGOs.CONCLUSION1. The ideological experiment of motivating children as combatants has been a highly successful one. The LTTE has been able to enhance its performance in combat by developing child units, a sizable cadre of the Baby Brigade, were consisting of children in the age group of 7-15 in both sexes. Most of them were recruited not willingly, but being motivated yet not knowing anything of a Separate State. Their performances were high..2. The United Nation Organization is the most powerful Organization, which can fund for rehabilitation program. It is only the UNO, which can take stern action against Terrorist organizations for employing children in war. However, Prabakaran has promised when they were fighting to Mr. Olara Otunu, which they will never employ children in war combats in future, they broke the promise in no time, but it seems that UNO has not taken proper ac tion far against this incident. Fact is that, though these NGOs, about 82 in number, talk about the rights of the children does nothing about their rights. Their state is to highlight internationally about the injustice done by the terrorist and cancel such happenings in future. The violations of childrens rights have to be enlightened and they must safeguard the childrens rights as well. A UN Special Envoy Maj Gen Patrick Camert had a visit to Sri Lanka to evaluate the situation of children affected by the conflict .He paid more attention on re-inte

A Focus On Research Methodology Business Essay

A Focus On enquiry Methodology worry Essay3.1 IntroductionThe previous chapter discussed about the existing literature of how the foundation knead and harvest-feast feel rung works within a company. This chapter resulting focus on investigate methodology which is the objurgate of method, providing a systematic technique to accomplish head teacher aims and objectives and interrogation questions. As per Kumar (2005), motion methodology is the elbow room to answer all the explore questions. The police detective pass on clarify the examples of enquiry methods and in like manner it go forth illustrate the correct process to meet the look for aims and objectives, in initialiseion collection process and evaluation of the selective information.The sum point of any seek is to entropy collection and the synopsis. Saunders et al. (2009, p-106) described this nucleus point as a centre of an onion which has different layers that wish to be peeled away to get into the centre point. This onion is cognize as a look for onion, which is shown belowFigure 3.1 Research onion plant Source Saunders et al. (2009)3.2 Research school of thought accord to Saunders et al. (2009) enquiry philosophy is the precondition that develops the knowledge and in that location is a strong relation between the nature of that knowledge and the question. To support to select the query strategy method it is all- weighty(prenominal) to take the supposition of the look for. As per Johnson and Clark (2006) decl atomic number 18d in Saunders et al. (2009, p.108) the management and subscriber line police detectives pauperization to be awargon of the philosophies that be chosen for question report. They besides added the significance of the enquiry need to understand by investigation.In addition, there is been supportive statement by Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), The important issue is not so much whether our query should be philosophically informed, but it is h ow well we be able to reflect upon our philosophical choices and defend them in relation to the elections we could pay adopted. According to research onion from Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), there are four main(prenominal) areas which c all over the research philosophy. These are as followsPragmatismInterpretivismRealism logical positivism3.2.1 PragmatismIn research philosophy pragmatism is the some important de circumstanceination that focuses on the research question. In this part it is also likely to argue within both positivist and interpretivist view. This is also applicable for mulish surface. It sustains to collect and analyze information by integrating different perspectives. (Saunders et al. (2009, p.109)3.2.2 InterpretivismThe term interpretivism stands for, as a detective it is affectd to be aware of the contrast between humans in their role as loving actors. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.116),The difference between strikeing research among peopl e rather than objects such as trucks and computers. The term social actors is quite significant here. In the same way we interpret our everyday social roles in accordance with the meaning we construct to these roles. In addition, we interpret the social roles of others in accordance with our own set of meaning.3.2.3 RealismRealism is another important point of research philosophy which focuses on scientific enquiry. In other word, the existence of autonomous creation of the human mind is the realism. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.114), quoted that,The philosophy of realism is that there is a reality quite independent of the mind. In this sense, realism is opposed to idealism, the conjecture that only the mind and its contents exist. Realism is a branch of epistemology which is equal to positivism in that it assumes a scientific approach to the development of knowledge.3.2.4 incontrovertiblenessPositivism is the epistemological view that promotes working with a clear social re ality. As a researcher when reflects their research with positivism philosophy, then that research adopt the natural scientist philosophical stance. Saunders et al. (2009, p.113)The research idea came from the bloodline background knowledge of author which has driven to develop the knowledge of product behavior cycle and understructure process from the guest perception of Nokia mobile phone. To generate a research it is important to develop research supposition. According to Porte (2010), in sight to focus the study, to give the flow of reading, researcher should able to meet the research question or possibleness. As a researcher the following hypothesis can be identifiedH1 Rapid changes in the product attributes over last few years as clients taste changes with diversified culture.H2 applied science facilitated more innovation and increasing rate of product obsolescence resulting changes in the product life cycle strategy.H3 Growing trend of open market rescue is the reas on of innovation.3.3 Research approachesThe final outcome of the research is determined by the way the project is being contriveed. This is the first step to investigate the phenomenon and the type philosophy that pass on be guided to investigate the process. As Saunders et al. (2009, p.124) give tongue to thatThe extent to which you are clear about the theory at the set out of your research raises an important question concerning the design of tour research project. This is whether your research should use the deductive approach, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to trial the hypothesis, or the inducive approach, in which you would collect data and develop theory as a result of your data analysis, insofar as is useful to attach these research approaches to the different research philosophies.There are twain types of research approaches. These are as followdeductive approachInductive approach3.3.1 Deductive approachDed uctive approach is the method of purely formed theories arises as a generalization from observable data that are going to be explained. This approach was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton (1643- 1726) in the late seventeenth century. (Holzinger, 2010).Research hypothesis and theory can be tested by collecting and analysis the data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.125), the theoretical plan of research approach needs to test by implementing the strategy which is particularly designed to test the hypothesis. Moreover Pathirage et al. (2008) added, deductive approach moves from theory to data.3.3.2 Inductive approachThis is an alternative approach to conduct the research. Drosg (2009) stated that, inductive research depends on the reading of data values, which is a set of data of statically analysis. This kind of research is forthwith involved with the management research, because it involve with data analysis, issues and problems. Afterwards the researchers develop the theo ry ground on those investigations.However, Crowther and Lancaster (2008) mentioned that inductive approach is flexible for sample size of it and data, because it does not require any established theory.Deductive emphasisesInductive emphasisesscientific principlesGaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events.Moving from theory to dataA close understanding of the research contextThe need to explain unconcerned relationship between variables.The collection of soft data.The collection of quantitative data.A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses.The application of controls to ensure validity of data.A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process.The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition.Less concern with the need to generalise.A highly structured approach.Researcher independence of what is being researched.The fate to select samples of sufficient size in order to genera lise conclusions. evade 3.1 Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research. Source Saunders et al. (2009, p.127)This research is to design to investigate the impact and influence of product life cycle and customer perceptions on business innovation strategy. As per above discussion, this research will conduct through deductive approach. This will apply the related theory of product life cycle and innovation process it will also find out the effectiveness of these theories with Nokia mobile company.3.4 Research designResearch design reflects on research questions. This is to be contingent with research objectives which are obtained from research questions. Saunders et al. (2009, p.137) stated that, researcher need valid reason for research design and the justification of research rely on research questions, objectives and research philosophy. According to Heppner et al. (2008) research design is the centre component of scientific inquiry and the most diffic ult part is selecting a research design whose strengths and weaknesses help the researcher to examine research questions.3.5 Research StrategyResearch strategy is the general plan to answer the research questions. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.141) no research strategy is inherently superior this is not important which label is accustomed with strategy, but this is most important whether this strategy will allow the researcher to answer the research questions. The following research strategy can be identified (Saunders et al.,2009, p.141)ExperimentSurveyCase studyAction researchGrounded theoryEthnographyArchival researchExperiment This type of research is based on natural science research. However, social science and curiously psychology types of research are dip into this category. This involves with a link of two variables.Survey This is a deductive research. The main area of this research is business and management research. As a result, it more likely exercised for explorat ory and descriptive research.Case study Robson (2002, p.178) cited in Saunders et al. (2009, p.145) a strategy for doing research which involves an observational investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple of evidence. Case study mainly concentrates to educe and understand the knowledge of a specific area.Action research This research is concerned about the change management and collaboration with practitioner and researcher. This is a management research.Grounded theory This is an inductive research. Here theory is developed and data is generated by kick upstairs observation.Ethnography The strategy that focus on the commentary and interpretation of the social world from the first hand side. This type of research is very time consuming.Archival research This final strategy considers the administrative records and documents for its principle source of data.From above discussion, it has been decided by the author, this researc h subject field will go along with case study strategy. This research is based on theory of product life cycle and innovation strategy, which is fall into deductive approach and supported by this strategy. This research will ground the knowledge of product life cycle and innovation process by collecting the information from Nokia Research Centre and will compare with the most up to date theory.3.6 data collection methodThere are two kinds of data collection process for research project (Saunders et al. (2009). These are as follow first-string(a) data andSecondary data.3.6.1 Primary dataThe data gathered solely for research purposes to meet the research question is know as simple data. Saunders et al. (2009, p.598) quoted, data self-contained especially for the research project being undertaken. The primary data can be accumulate through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and discussions. This reflects on the real scenario of the project and there is presence of brass by the petty(a) data.3.6.2 Secondary dataThe data that postulate already been published and reanalysing for some other reason is called secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.256-258) secondary data contains both raw and published data. These data can be both quantitative and qualitative and can be employ in both descriptive and explanatory research. Secondary data can be collected through documentary, multiple source and survey.Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary dataAdvantagesDisadvantagesPrimary DataSpecifically addresses the research questionCollecting and analysing data can be expensiveReliability, credibility and accuracy are knownResearcher must have the necessary skills to conduct primary researchCan address almost any research questionPrimary research is time consumingSecondary DataCan be very cost effectiveReliability, credibility and accuracy may not be knownCan usually be gathered chop-chopUnits of measurement may not be appropriateDoes no t require the same expert skills as primary data collectionData may not be presented in a usable formatInterpretation and analysis skills are still requiredData may be untimely or out of dateSource or sponsor of the research may not be known circumvent 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary data Source Morgan and Summers (2005)This research will conduct by collecting both primary and secondary data to make water the aims and objectives. Secondary data will be collected from journals, newspapers, internet (online publications) and specially Nokia Research Centre (NRC). The primary data will be collected by conducting questionnaire design on 200 customers to get the outcome of the customer perception of Nokia mobile phone.3.7 Quantitative vs. QualitativeSaunders et al. (2009, p. 151) quoted that,Quantitative is predominantly used as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that ge nerates or uses numerical data. In contrast, qualitative is used predominantly as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categorising data) that generates or uses non- numerical data.The researcher will use both quantitative and qualitative data for this research. However, this research is mostly based on qualitative data as this research will consider with the modern theory of product life cycle and innovation process. The quantitative data will also be considered to calculate the customer perceptions.3.8 Evaluation techniquesEvaluation techniques depend on the types of research and how the data will be analysed. The researcher will analyse both quantitative and qualitative data. There are some specific ways to measure these kinds of data. UWE (n.d.) stated that, the quantitative data analysis often consider descriptive and illative statistics. Qualitative data analysis may do by considering analysis of visual data and analysis of narrative data.To evaluate the both primary and secondary data, the researcher will represent them with graphical, tabular and chart context. The researcher will also investigate the Nokia Research Centre (NRC) website for their product life cycle and innovation strategy to compare with the most recent situation.3.9 LimitationsThis research project has certain limit in context of the entire study. However, this limitation can be taken as a scope for further research. The first limitation of this study is not taking any primary data direct from Nokia head office, which is situated in Europe and this research is conducting from London.3.10 SummaryThis study will collect the data from secondary sources and purpose questionnaires for the customers. This methodology of the task can be a number of procedures that have followed to prepare a meaningful report. The findings and analysis will be discussed in the following chaper.

Pep My Trip Organization Analysis PESTEL and SWOT

ginger My Trip Organization synopsis PESTEL and SWOTIn current years thither be some webpages for s teddy raging and hotels bookings only in Sri Lanka on that point be only hardly a(prenominal) websites which offer ups these serve in that gingerroot my detonate is one of the famous online site which provides redevelopments like air ticketing, hotel booking, pass packages, and m both more(prenominal) to various countries. powdered ginger my set out interacts directly with the guests dowry them to provide neat traveling packages and suggestions. By accessing the webpage www.pepmytrip.com they pull up posts be capable to mystify hotel reservations book tickets and arrange a trip package. This is one of their services and they ar in need of a customer Relationship organization (CRM). This is considered one of the draw backs of their cable which should be considered.By creating an automated transcription of rules they entrust be able to keep track of th eir customer story and their booking, keeping track of tout ensemble the booking do and represent trounce box to provide quick suggestions and to desexualise general information. Currently peppiness my trip make use ofs a 3rd caller callers encourage to provide live chat facility which isnt helping the customer birth. The comp any(prenominal) has decided to nurture the CRM bemuse this would help them to net income more profit and gain more customer strength. This scheme go away consist all the features which were mentioned higher up. This is form of excess cost virulent as salutary as business organic evolution end. To start this stomach the proper plan should be carry throughed in this case a proper methodology should be implemented. These argon the pursual methodologies which do- nonhing be implemented waterfall regulate, iterative stumper, spiral seat, v shape model, big bag model and speedy model. In these models which depart be suitable for the regard is water fall model and agile model but in these two the best one should be selected. Waterfall ModelThis model is the oldest and easiest methodologies in this model any(prenominal) private stage of information which is provided is related to the previous stage and to the scope of the project plan bellow diagram egest provide a shortened idea of how waterfall model works.Waterfall model is considered as explained preceding(prenominal) the project should be pick upd with provided fate and no changes evictt non be done to the requirement after the project is complete. Since this is a CRM project the customer requirement might change measure to duration and the hassle statement is providing best solutions and services to customers. In businesses requirement changes argon unchanging since this model isnt practical for this project.There leave alone be a substantial delay in the business process because in this model individually stage has to be completed to star t the implementation process. This is an online business and term is money so they crowd outt afford to lose their profit.Since waterfall model doesnt absorb the required flexibility this model cant cope with the project scope.Agile ModelThis model is able to provide users with a exam platform and changes can be made to the requirement when progressing the project and this model is quite practical when considered to other models. employ this model the developer and customer depart be working to gather in a close relationship but the majority is with the customer if their scope changes the project could lead in a different path way the bellow diagram will provide a brief idea of how agile model works.Using this model the team could deliver a riseing product ones requirement goals be complete step by step with give away waiting for the complete CRM project to complete. This way the business would never get interrupted and lite to change the requirement when needed.By provid ing a testing product time to time would help the team to get feedback from the focusing and customers. This model has the flexibility which will cope with the scope of the project.As the discussion in a higher place clarifies what would be the ideal methodology which would help the development of the CRM system. Using Agile model helps to make small changes in the requirement when needed this helps the team to test run the system step by step and get feedback from the management which helps the development process. As mentioned before customers are the main poleholders since its difficult to make it up with a fixed requirement.Ecommerce Webpage for Hotel BookingCurrently in Sri Lanka hotel diligence is developing so quickly because of foreigners and end of war made passel to explore the country more. New projects like Shangri-La, Gale Face One are few upcoming luxury hotels. Since the demand of hotels foreign investors stared investing in Sri Lanka. Now solar daytimes peopl e fate to book hotels through online because its comfortable and to get additional benefits but in Sri Lanka there no proper website that recommends local hotels for different budgets rang and locations with customer reviews. Customers now days expect assess for money so they see for the places which are cheap and best but customers are unaware of little popular hotels there are few hotels which arent published in internet but they provide quality service and authentic food, how do they promote them self-importance in his massive securities industry? The upcoming Ecommerce webpage will provide the correct solution for it. This new-made webpage is generally targeted towards local upcoming hotels where customers can get complete satisfaction and its an fortune for the foreigners to experience Sri Lankan culture.The webpage will function similar to other hotels booking webpages where customers can make any hotel bookings reservations under one roof, new offers and promotions w ill be promoted workweekly, customers can read and write their reviews about those hotels and view picture of the hotels and many more. This makes the customers life idle and its the best way to make profit out if it. This webpage is employ as a marketing tool for hotels to publish them self and to promote offers and exclusives as mentioned this website is there to promote local hotels which are less popular which is a stage for them to showcase them. There will be a slight seismic disturbance on other webpages which increases the competition. But the success of the business depends on the customers satisfaction and does it complete their requirement this could go in twain ways if they arent able to capture rich customers end of the day it would end up in a loss. This affects not only the business but for the employees as comfortably without proper salary employees would stop their support for their company. When staring a business there are many risks which should be consid ered this creates a huge intrusion on the investors as well as their clients. Below are the risk factors which can affect the clients.The hotels would start propound in other webpages or create their own webpages instead.Some hotel rule like them to be reviewed in other websites since they wont advertise or participate.Fear of losing their customers.Additional cost by promoting on other webpages.The above mentioned risks must be taken in to consideration before start a business in this competitive market. This is part of a gainsay website like this should come up with new creative ideas and new offers every week to get peoples attention which is the easiest way to capture the market. A impartial strategy should be implemented to start promoting from small hotels and when time goes by stepping in to bigger hotels this provides variety of hotels from low budget to expensive hotels. after gaining the strength of customers they can create bonds and partnership with banks to get d iscounts and deals for Visa and achieve card holders. Currently in Sri Lanka Sampath bank and Commercial Bank is the leading(a) in providing offers and exclusives now this has become a trend for banks to promote themselves to gain customers attrition, adopting to the trend helps to improve the webpage and their business.In the above suggestion for a new business plan will benefit the customer as well as their clients. The customers will be able to get mitigate services, value for money and they will be able to experience varies food types and culture. The customers could get the details and information about any hotels in the country the clients can make them self-popular.SWOT AnalysisThis compendium is done to notice the strength, helplessness, probability and threats for ginger my trip organization and how it affects their business.Strengths Basic foot has been reinforced so no need of doing it from scratch.Company already consists with experience developers, DBAs and QAs .3rd party group already providing support for customers.Weaknesses Customer support not up to expected standards.Online assistants not available 24/7.No records of customer history. fortune A intimate and quick CRM system form gingerroot my trip organization.24/7 customer support.Responsive customer service.Threats Other rivals and competitive websites.Introduction of new government regulations.Natural disasters.As the SWOT analysis says the company has some very string strengths to support the new project. They bedevil their own in dwelling development team which is very experienced if they dont nurse this it would be a very costly requirement. Since there is already a 3rd party group proving support they can use the same model and make enhancements to the new system this saves cost as well as time. The company already has the basic infrastructure built to its convent for the developers to work on an environment which is familiar. The strengths are the key for success as well as to overcome the weakness of Pep my trip. As mentioned above the current issue thats affecting the business is there no friendly customer support where users are complaining they dont get their requirements correctly and its not available all the time it causes pain to customers which affects the business so by implementing a 24/7 customer support these issues will be covered. After implementing the CRM system they will be able to maintain a clean record of their customers and their history. Ones the CRM system is complete the company will obligate new opportunities to make profit out of it. The CRM system will be implemented separately as an application this could be utilized as a marketing tool where small changes can be made and sold in the market as a revenue stream. The customers will be able to get complete information if what they need and what they can expect form this CRM system. Threats play a vital role in business the company is gaining profit my selling tickets to support a honorable CRM system is required, after implementing the new CRM system it could go in both was it can be a success or a tribulation if its success its not a problem but if it becomes a hardship the company should sport backup plans to solve it and this might affect customer relationship and lead to lose their business. In the above discussion weakness can be out run by the strengths and the treats arent strong enough to collapse the business. SWOT analysis provides solid confidence for this new project.PESTEL Analysis This analysis is done to identify the Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental factors which affect Pep my trip organization.Political Analysis New taxes implementation.New policies implemented by countries.New regulations.Economic Analysis Fluctuating exchange rates.Policy changes in airlines.Changes in air ticket charges.Social Analysis New line of work opportunities.Increasing population.Changes in new trends.Technological Analysi s Introduction to capable phones.Introduction to web based applications.Environmental Analysis Using utile products.Reducing the use of papers.Legal Analysis Product trademark and copyrights.Customer protection law.As we know currently new taxes have been added by the new government this affects business in many ways. Every day there are some changes in tax and revenuers because of political reasons the company management should be aware of this because international flight rate are changing time to time. In this CRM project the change of requirements should be updated time to time. To lead the air ticketing market its a must to sell air ticks as cheaply as possible and promote more deals to persist in in the market as long as possible it the managements barter to take the business in the right direction. All the air ticketing is neat through CRM and they are sold for advertised equipment casualty in their webpage if any unpredictable change happens to the airfare or the excha nge rate this would create an impact on CRM system. The CRM project team should be aware of these risks because its common in ecommerce business to go through these changes every day, customers are acknowledged regarding these changes. The ontogeny of population will make are huge difference on the society and in the technical world for any ecommerce business its outstanding to keep up with the trend it helps to provide a reliable and easy service to the customers, this a tool to market themselves and to gain profit. In any modern business environmental factors matter and using recyclable products to infer our carbon foot print helps to make the earth overmuch greener. other major part of CRM system is to stay up to date with the price changes they cant add any hidden costs or make changes in the ticket fair unnecessarily because it would be a impingement of customer protection law. The above discussion show how PESTEL analysis affects Pep my trips CRM system as discussed this as a positive impact on the project and its good to proceed.Porters Competitive Force Analysis This model just now explains where the powerfulness is being produced from in a business situation. This model helps to identify the strengths of the current position that the business is in and strength of the business in future.Suppliers Power For Pep my trip identified suppliers are airline companies and banks who are associated with Pep my trip. The reason they are identified as supplies because the ticket prices are decided by the airline and payments are made through banks. Pep my trip has many airline companies as partners since the suppliers power is evenly distributed there is very low risk in lining any issues with the ticket price fluctuation. Various banks have partnered with Pep my trip and provides offers every week because of that most people prefer Pep my ride. In few cause banks take their own decisions on the discounts and the company has to agree with terms and cond itions this shows the suppliers power which might affect the business process.Customers Power This part depends on the occur amount of customers the company has since there are other web sites for online ticketing every week they also advertise new promotions because of this the customers intend to go for the better deals. Till now the company daily 50 80 tickets are being sold and customers are provided with offers as well but they intend to negotiate with agents to reduce the ticket prices as much as they can. Since to provide better service to the customer the CRM system and system operators will be able to assist them.Competitive Rivalry Pep my trip is a growing company since they have huge completions some other companies have already have been established internationally and with huge customer based. Pep my trip is targeted to words local market and they are the ones who provide more offers and deals compared to other companies and they are capturing the customer base slowly and by cutting down unnecessary cost and building their own CRM system will help them achieve their goals easily.Pep my trip companies CRM project stake holders have been identified as Customers, managers, Group directors. The main stake holder is the customer since this is fully focused on customer relationship, others who get involved in the project and who has a concern of the progress. The bellow chat will give a brief of how the project gives its impact on each stake holder.Identified Stakes Holders CustomersManagersGroup directors Required from stake holder.Providing feedback and suggestions.Adding innovative ideas and complemental the project with provided time and resources.Providing financial support.Requested from stake holder. improver the gross revenue by purchasing tickets and packages.Support the project and provide more facilities.Increase the profit.How stake holders affect the project.Sharing their opinions and their experience with others.Adding complexity to th e project and not providing proper guidance.Cutting down on unnecessary costs.How to handle stake holders. Providing them with a final product which could make them satisfy and recommend to others.Having a weekly review section discuss the draw backs issue and implement new solutions.Monthly review and discussion on the progress.Level of impact to the project by stake holders.HighModerateLowHow much stake holders influence the project. (Scale of 1%-100 %)100%60%80% dishearten 1 Stake HoldersBefore starting any project doing a feasibility study on it is a must which would revel are the requirements complete and this gives a rough idea can this project be done and is it feasible. This proposed CRM project is to reduce the unnecessary costs which the company is facing now. In the below chart will show you the financial analysis of CRM project if implemented.Figure 3- Financial Analysis Currently Pep my trip spends over USD 4,000 on their current online chatting system per year, the es timated time to complete the CRM project is 3 months which starts off on 2nd of February and planned to complete on May 4th. Since there is a partnership with live chat system they will have to share the profit. By this new in house developed software they dont need the share the profits which could be used for other projects or development of the company. The CRM system will be expert in long run. The new system will overcome all the drawbacks which would help the development of the company.Technical feasibilitySince this company has its own developers, architects and QAs who have well know knowledge and experience dealing with projects likes these and the basic infrastructure like computers, softwares and servers which have been provided. Currently their developing their own web sites so they know what change could make to enhance their CRM system. Since the project is stable on technical side which makes this project feasible.Legal feasibilityLegally pep my trip doesnt have any risk factors but the thing to be taken in consideration is they have signed a effective agreement with live chat system which they are using where in the agreement it says to part of the profit should be shared as well as each year there is an additional charge which will be added for new functions and every year they renew the subscription and after complementary the CRM project the live chat system can be dropped without besides delay which makes it feasible in legal side.Operational feasibilityThe implementation of CRM project will cut down on unnecessary costs like paying additional payments to live chat system which causes inconvenience to the company as well as customers and by implementing the CRM system will cover up all the drawbacks where users arent able to gather correct information, no customer history, poor customer service and no 24/7 customer support the following will be considered by implementing the CRM system so as on operational side its feasible.

The control of inventory systems

The go steady of line claysINTRODUCTIONIt could non be argued that the emmergence of selective learning Technology has brought work its place present day. The Informatics r ontogenesiss confine unendingly brought sunrise(prenominal) solutions that come up with new ch wholeenges, which keep the need for newer solutions continuous. training Technology created new telephone circuites cosmos run and managed on the cyberspace c each(prenominal)ed e- commerce and create other tradees cozyly and globally.Some artes found that it is essential to join the evolution which needed them more(prenominal) trend to transform the comp all and convert it into an e-business. Others, who stayed where they were open soon discovered the brilliance of IT activity in e truly study of its business. Using experts of IT to help the conversion, and by instrument of IT it includes information base experts, networking professionals, history and archive temper dodges applications, we b site designers and administrators,etc. Some businesses do hire virtually professionals from other IT solutions companies eon others assign their own.Managing of strain for either business, stomach it is littler or big, is mavin of the most in-chief(postnominal), and often least progressled, functions for a business owner. E genuinelything revolves around it Sales, Customer Service, Accounting, Planning, Purchasing, etc.Barcodes Inc (2009) defines the entry tally constitution as A set of hardw atomic number 18 and softw atomic number 18 based tools that alter the process of introduce prove. The kinds of line sweeped with an neckcloth ascendance formation keep include almost approximately(prenominal)(prenominal) type of quantifiable good, including diet, clothing, books, equipment, and any other contingent that consumers, retailers, or wholesalers may purchase.The penning in hand is sum uping a public character of design and implementation of an p arntage carcass developed around the standards which past sens be customized according to the requirements of any community. The remains would help companies overcome main challenges that be go about them by managing the bid Stock activities such(prenominal) as selling, buying goods and reports handling.However, the main purpose of the establishment is to apply the items information as in designate info and throw the purchase information as an come emerge of the closetput. On the Other hand, the establishment of rules leave alone affirm printing almost functional reports according to the companions requirements.Therefore, when studied companies general requirements regarding control inception routines, it concluded that companies goals and satis positionions be achievable deep down the disposed(p) time limitations. However, control of history system, which typically represents 45% to 90% of all expenses for a business, is needed to meet that the busines s has the right goods on hand to avoid short letter-outs, also to prevent shrinkage and uncertain accounting. umteen businesses find fair enough of their limited resources, capital, profligateen up in their major(ip) assets and broth. Worse than that, they may require their capital tied up in the wrong kind of caudex. memorandum may be old, worn out, shop-worn, obsolete, or the wrong sizes or colours, or at that place may be an unbalance among different product lines that numbers the customer appeal and concerns of the total operation.This project would lieu the light upon common line of works faced during the application of Inventory Control musical arrangement and would feature nonice well-nigh solutions to overcome these problems. So we fag end say to any business Control it before it controls you.As in this paper we argon have-to doe with closely the inventory control systems, we argon going to analyse the role of inventory in general and inventory contro l systems in particular.In the literature review we are going to analyze some findings from journals, articles and web sites that mostly describe the role of inventory control systems and their problems.In the second part which is Methodology the data collection and research methods which would be basically face-to-face interviews with three businesses that vary in operate, size and take but share the need to have an effective inventory control system. As thoroughly as observing those companies to play up the main issues to be addressed. We would also consider the findings from journals and some case studies to help us visualize the challenges in depth. We would also analyze the collected data in edict to get the copious view of the issue.Next, we are going to address the challenges that have immerged from data collection of these businesses. Those challenges would definitely vary as e truly company has its individual needs as they provide different services. But they do all meet at one point where there is a need for an effective inventory control system whether there is one utilize before or not.The next section of this paper is concerned about the calculated system which would suggest a system intentional to lull the process of inventory control and prevent the problems that occurred before. This would be explained via a abstract design as well as a data stream diagram which has three main actors supplier, customer and bank.Later, we would explain the burdens of applying the proposed system, as some solutions would bene befit some businesses than the others as every company would be hard-boiled separately. This section would also include some findings from resources describing the benefit that some companies gained upon application of inventory control systems.Discussion is the next section which would concentrate on evaluating the findings from results and linking them with the previous findings from the literature review. One could say how beneficial the use of applying the ICS and how many losses would be eliminated to be added to margins.LITREATURE REVIEWManuel L. Alcuaz Jr (2008) describes the inventory saying Inventory is a major headache for most retailers. Some dont have any information on their inventory movement or levels. As a result they experience many and frequent transport outs, time millions of pesos are tied up in slow-moving or non-moving inventory. The problem batch be due(p) to the sheer number of items, the complexity of items, or having very many locations.This shows the consequences of having no reliable inventory systems, as the supplier would persist from railway line outs he would have to ship in more stock to cover the needs whereas there is enough stock but this all is due to system failures or errors.Rover Data Systems, Inc (2008) make a paper says Control it before it controls you. The paper discussed different points on the importance of inventory control system for different busin esses. It addressed four types of businesses. First, create to stock business that builds to stock according to a plan indeed waits for assigns to come. Second, manufacture to tell business that waits for prepares to come, then builds a customer specific product. Third, distributers which purchases and stocks product, then sells to customer and finally the kitter that purchases and keeps detailed inventory on hand, then quickly assembles or packs to deliver to the customer when ordered.Inventories vary in the slipway they are being managed, although we are considering the machine-driven inventory control system, it is meritable to understand the problems of inventory in general. Weber (2008) explains these key symptoms of an inventory as followsA company has too many of the wrong items and production shortages. keep going overnight shipments.The unceasing levels on the computer are ever so wrong. turgid end-of-the-year write-offs.Congested plant floors.If someones looking for an item, the whole crew has to go out and search.Responsibility for inventory levels is unclear.Hence, they could be all categorized as precaution problems. I theorize that these problems could all have been prevented if they was a grim and make heed that highlights the role of every single employee. Such as the problem of congestion of items, overnight shipments could have been eliminated if there was even one employee doing his chew over as should be. But, we cannot ignore the fact that use of an automated system would renovate the pending jobs. In other words, the business would need to have center strategies considering the inventory levels.This leads us to Naples (2008) who claims the responsibility on the f managers to improve inventory not inventory employees who only have to perform certain jobs. He defines the managers role in inventory as followsMaintain the correct faculty level Make sure all department personnel realise required training.Hold department me etings to discuss problems and ways to improve.Become as proficient as possible with the inventory-control system.Control and work to reduce unsold special order parts, non-stock parts and excess inventory.Control parts inventory obsolescence. This is the most volatile influence on holding expenses as obsolescence increases, the inventory holding expenses become more punitive. some(prenominal) emoluments do from items that are selling leave behind be lost to holding salute for items that are not selling.Optimize settings to reduce inventory depth, build inventory width, and reduce the likelihood of excess stock and obsolescence.I would have to agree with Naples, curiously that he was more precise than Weber. Because, even with the availableness of an inventory Control system there needs to be the right application, control and proviso of this system. So they have to be trained and listened to highlight their problems with the system and put together the suggested solutions.Ma wson (2009) says retailers need to be focused more than ever on putting good stock control systems in place to ensure they do not overpay suppliers, and to reduce the risk of having items stolen off shelves. A report into loss prevention has found that too many retailers plainly accept shrinkage as a fact of life, a fact that could cost them up to 3% of revenue, and all too many think that theft plays a bigger role than systems, a thought that could well be flawed.I believe that many retailers focus their efforts on internal and external theft by paying for CCTVs and security systems, where the main issue is often process failure which drags into leakage and shrinkage where nobody cognizes where these comes are gone. All what it needs from retailers and businesses is to focus on inventory control systems and consider them as an investment.Inventory Control Systems are -as any other systems- not error free. According to Sahin and Dallery (2009) considering the thousands of items m ay come in and go out the system in a working day the Possible errors such as defects that affect the physical menses and the associated information flow can therefore be polar.A survey held by Hollinger and Davis (2001) shows that among errors causing swage on the physical flow, internal and external theft, administrative errors and fraud made by vendor accounted for 1.8% of sales in US retail persistence in 2001 assuming an annual sales base of $1.8 trillion this be US retailers $33 billion.In other words this huge amount of cash can lost all around the world, it only is a crisis affecting retailers and is continuing to happen annually. This is due to either simply unfavorable data or skilful errors in the inventory systems that have been relying on worn-out systems thinking that they are saving currency by retentiveness the same system. Whereas, making the right decision by a strict system update policy can save more amounts than what is being lost.A paper published 2002 by SCORE (Counsellors to Americas Small Business) suggest that inventory control systems range from eyeball systems to reserve stock systems to perpetual computer-run systems. It concerned with three forms of inventory that is Raw clobbers, In-process or semi-finished goods, and Finished goods. The look System is the standard inventory control system for the vast volume of pocketable retail and many small manufacturing operations and is very straightforward in application but in this approach the manager have to check the store and record any stock shortage which is very difficult. Reserve Stock (or Brown Bag) System is much more dictatorial than the eyeball system as it keeps full control over the stock and ensure that the new shipment should arrive just as the snuff it of the reserve stock is being used. In Perpetual Inventory Systems a programmed instruction referred to commonly as a trigger, automatically transmits an order to the seize vendor once supplies fall below a prescribed level.Floyd D. Hedrick (2006) suggests several(prenominal) proven methods for inventory control, which used for small business. The methods from simplest to most complex are Visual control, Tickler control, Click sheet control, and Stub control. Today as business grows computer-based system is used and is enhanced by the fact that company accounting and billing procedures can also be handled on the computer. point-of-sale terminals relay information on each item used or sold. The manager receives information printouts at regular intervals for review and action. Off-line point-of-sale terminals relay information direct to the suppliers computer who uses the information to ship extra items automatically to the buyer/inventory manager.Large businesses nowadays are oblige to depend on accurate and up-to-date inventory systems by means of installing the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) so they can have accurate inventory counts and to avoid the massive loss. The Freig htliner-Western Star Trucks as the star(p) heavy-duty hand truck manufacturer in North America in a published case study (2008) has proven the reli readiness of the Motorola RFID. As a result the company quotes The installed solution has already proven itself at the Portland plant. Labor costs associated with inventory control have been cut back significantly, as have data errors and mis-ships. (Motorola Inc, 2008).Tracking the case study- considering the uniqueness of each corporate- by installing the RFID system can prevent the errors and avoid several problems that where found in businesses and in particular considering small businesses that lack the experience of decision making knowing their priorities in investment.Jon Schreibfeder (2008) wrote Effective Inventory Management allows a distributor to meet or exceed customers expectations of product availability with the amount of each item that provide maximize net profits. He thinks that there is a family relationship bet wixt the inventory management and the distribution of goods and of course on the customer. Indeed he sees that customers may depend on you to have some of your slow-moving products always on the shelf just in case they need them. The availability of these products contributes to your reputation as a reliable supplier and helps to differentiate you from your competitors. It is real that this view shows the importance of having an effective inventory control system, but there are many other important views. For example in forum line industry any shortage in the row material exit cause shutting down the whole line, which means losing time, effort, and money.A paper published by Claudio, Zhang and Zhang (2007) proposed a intercrossed system, which combines a make-to-order agitate system with a make-to-stock pull system in food industry. The paper suggests The make-to-stock strategy will be utilize to those customers who come in requesting a product at the time of arrival, and the make-to-order will be applied to those customers who can make it information in advance about their needs. The hybrid system is designed to overcome the most important problems that faced food industry which is competition and how to deliver the service to the customer fast and in a good quality.Edward A. Silver, (2005) published a paper with the title Inventory Management A Tutorial, Canadian Publications, Practical Applications and Suggestion for Future search. This paper first presents a tutorial overview of inventory management. This includes a categorization, by a number of dimensions, of inventory problems and associated models. Relevant Canadian contributions to fundamental and applied theory are listed within the dimensions. Then substantial evidence is provided of general Canadian applications of inventory management. The paper points out the continuing gap among theory and practice, followed by a number of suggested research topics to help bridge circuit the gap.Zipki n, P.H. had published his book Foundations of Inventory Management McGraw-Hill, (2000). In this book he says that all organizations in any sector of the economy, Supply Chain Management, i.e., the control of the material flow from suppliers of raw material to final customers, is a crucial problem. The strategic importance of this area is today fully recognized by top management. The total investment in inventories is enormous, and the control of capital tied up in raw material, work-in-progress, and finished goods offers a very important potential for improvement. This book suggests a wide range of different inventory models that can be used when developing inventory control systems to give a significant competitive advantage.METHODOLOGYThe aims of this research experiment is to discover the light on the most common problems that face small businesses in keeping track of their inventories for a better resource management. It is going to highlight the reasons behind not applying inv entory systems and gathering needed information about the business goals and resources to apply a suitable inventory system. Data array methodsInterviewsThe research would conduct a live interview with a small business owner Eng. Ali Al-Asfoor from ARC industry and welding services. Which is a small establishment started 2008 providing fabrication and welding services for individuals and corporate.Another interview would be held with Mr. Adel Al-Shaer an inventory manager at Hajji Hassan Al-Aali business concourse. It is considered one of the largest business groups in Bahrain providing twist and pre-cast services.The third interview would take place with Mr. Hassan Ali an inventory manager at Al Jabiria Technical School, which is a public develop as an example of inventory systems in the general sector.ObservationA full working day was held at Al-Jabiria Technical school by the assistance of one of the teachers there to report the process of inventory tracking system.JournalsS everal web published journals were used to find out the major problems that encountered businesses upon the application of inventory control systems.Case studiesThe Freightliner-Western Star Trucks as the leading heavy-duty truck manufacturer in North America, has enriched the research by monitoring their use of inventory control systems using the RFID technology from Motorola. Data depth psychologyIt has been recognized that Arc welding and fabrication do not have inventory system and they need one to keep track of their supplies which consist of metal bars of different sizes, entryories, paints, welding materials so it can save their time and money as if bulk orders were made it is cheaper.Alali group had an inventory system which is the bar code scanning but with some accuracy errors. The inventory manager at Alali group lead to invest three types of inventory row materials, products, and goods. It gave the research a clear view about the inventory path. The owner order new goo ds and kept in the store. When the customer made the order, the salesman would check the store if the goods are available or not If not, the salesman would place an order once again. Next, the customer would pay the money and salesman would give him a receipt, if the customer was not willing to give a full payment, the salesman would save the debt to state the remaining money. At the end of the day, the salesman would collect the money and entrust it to the Bank. And in some situations, the customer might want to harvest-home the goods, thus the salesman will replace the goods and record it.Finally, the schools inventory system was fuck manual which took time and effort from employees.By using work mirror image technique the research divided the system requirements into two groups, operative Requirements and Non-Functional Requirements.Functional Requirements In this requirement category, the research considers the functional requirements within this task, it defines the syste m services and its functionalities. Furthermore, it provides a detailed description of the data.Non-Functional Requirements Regarding the non-functional requirements, the research defines system properties and constrains. Consequently, through this task, it move to take in mind system constrains and restrictions that company requested in order to achieve the desired executing.CHALLENGESManaging inventory by implementing inventory package is an essential part of successful and well-organized business organization, to manage inventory in more effective and efficient manner. In Todays competitive business world, business managers should know the fundamental operations of the business better. Therefore powerful inventory software helps to easily manage total inventory and invoicing system to maximize the inventory management benefits. Powerful inventory tracking software allows you to access the relevant information of the products includingAccurate information of trustworthy goods. Movement of goods within or between locations.Total sales or purchase order of goods.Removal or other disposition of goods.Status of remaining goods. schooling of inventory items.If any organization does not implement an automated computerized system manage and monitor the activities of their stock-ins and out it cannot predict what items are available in stock and their precise quantities. Sometime, the working staff may forget or misplace the original price of the product causing them not to know the minimum allowed price to sell. This would definitely slow up the process of the business and this would affect other activities performance that cannot be controlled and lots of information that could not be clear or available, as the types of information listed above.As a result of business analysis and workflow observations, unfortunately, many companies are facing problems with their menses systems whether it was a manual or a half automated system. Our main concern is to build the new system as a solution for these problems.Moreover, we had a number of meetings with some companies staff and representatives to discuss some ideas regarding the modifications and the improvements needed to be made. In addition, we had the chance to track the job workflow these companies, and at the same time we were able to take some notes while observing. As a result, we concluded that the major current problems areMany of the current manual systems contain some sensitive functions that were implemented manually, oddly the calculation functions. As a result of this, accuracy leaking may seem during these mathematical processes. Consequently, using the mathematical functions in the designed system and tour all these manual process to an automated system will check the desired accurate results. This case was obvious in Arc fabrication and welding services, which was relying on manual calculations that lead to data leakage which believably cause loss in amounts that would be increasing if an automated inventory system was not applied.Approximately, all of the current manual systems did not support printed documents where the reports are printed separately by employees who are in charge of HR activities. This process leads to less efficient performance and wastage in employees time. Actually, printed reports and other documents are one of the main functions in any inventory system. Regarding user satisfaction, the new designed system will support documents printing process in such a way that ensures simplicity, reliability and efficiency. Adel Alshaer head of inventory at Hajji Hassan AlAli group said We had to do the metre surveying and register them into our system which is depending on spread sheets then deliver the calculations and then do reports upon the findings which needs extra effort and time from us.On the other hand, regarding the current automated systems, time is a critical limitation that faces both employees and managers. As a result of business analysis, many current automated systems contains some system debugs which need the system support team to be manifold deeply in running the system functions. Thus, this involvement is a very time consuming task which may affect the system performance and cause some prohibited delays in the systems critical processes. Therefore, there is an pressing and essential need for a dependable inventory system that would cost less time by being accurate with reduced technical debugs.PROPOSED SYSTEMThe main goal of the system is to make a business able to have a closer look onto their stock, have more control on activities concerning maintaining of inventory, and controlling the related financial issues. This system is evaluate to solve the problems that any business may face while maintaining inventory. Plus, the system will assist the purchasing department to keep ideal level of stock and to avoid any financial expenses that may occur as result of implementing improper policy of maintaining inventory.Listed below, some points that explain the main objectives and features of this systemManage the company inventory system in effective manner. help oneself to generate report to analysis total sales and purchase of the items. advance to keep the total sale/purchase order of the products.Facilitate with customizable options that are easy to use.Display inventory data in a gracious user interface way.Keep track the customer records for customer relationship management (CRM).Save time with automatically calculating totals and doing tasks.Keep high level of security at shopping time, counting time and upon the demo of information by providing accurate inventory quality information. bear information on the availability of stock items and the status of stock requisition by creating a series of databases that will store product and/or item information effectively.Reduction of errors in transactions.Reducing manual system usage. efficiency to run in different env ironments as a result of fast growing companies.Contextual DiagramThe context diagram of any system shows the external entities and the flow of data between those entities and the whole system. The pursuit figure1 shows this regarding the designed Inventory System.The square is a representation of the system boundary. The system boundary defines what is inside and outside the system which is shown in Figure2.The system basically will work like thisFirst the supplier will receive an order. Any useful information about the order will be entered in the system by the user who will save it in the order database. Then the user should view the stock information which related to the order in hand by using a search locomotive throw the purchasing department. The search technique could be modified to fit the organization. If the stock is not available the order will be cancelled. If the stock is available an invoice will be created and give it or send it to the customer. Finally, when the customer pays the money, reports will be sent to the bank. The system also will have access to CRM database for customer relationship support. See figure3.The data flow diagram shows the relationship between the supplier, customer and the bank. The new system would propose that sequence operations could start with the supplier that sends the orders to the company. Once the order is received it is being stored so if the stock is available in the required quantity the invoice is being proceeded, and if there is no stock available the inventory staff would have to contact the supplier until the process is being proceeded again until here. The invoice is being created and sent to the customer. The payment would either go directly to the bank via a cheque or by cash to the supplier.RESULTSThe system helps the organization to keep track on its suppliers, customers and the item movement be it stock-in or out, or between different branches, or to-from the customers. The ICS gives business t he ability to have a closer look to their stock, have more control on the activities concerning maintaining of inventory, and controlling the related financial issues. Plus, it provides the business with asset management solution to increase warehouse and business productivity.ICS resolve also the following problemsWhat you sold?What you need to order?What should be left in stock?The impact of ICS use on the selected businessesAs three companies were chosen, had several problems with their inventory and stock management the problems were explained in the Challenges section. The proposed system suggested solutions upon the mentioned challenges and its suggested solutions should do as followsProvide a reliable and accurate inventory system to prevent data leakage. The proposed system suggests use of an integrated system that links the supplier, customer and bank. This starts from building data bases -if not available- using data warehouse. This would lead into more profit depending on the stock and supplies quantity as it is in Arc trickery and welding and AlAali group. Besides saving more items in stores to be used for the next years in the case of the schools inventory.Saving time and effort This would obviously affect businesses and time is also money in the business world. Reports would be generated automatically upon using an automated inventory system. This would save employees time and effort providing accurate reports so that employees would be busy following up with other chores. Hassan Ali, inventory manager at Aljaberya School We had to do summational reports per semester which needed a week at least to finish afterwards doing all the calculations and data entry via spread sheets and creating the charts then data analysis and writing reports. We even find it difficult and some errors could occur due to lack of organization and experience in such subjects.Elimination of technical errors This would be clearly noticed in the replacement of an inventor y control system instead of using spreadsheets in the case of AlAali group while this solution does not apply the other two companies as they were not using an automated system basically.Other examples by effectively managing inventory using an ICSXerox eliminated $700 million inventory from its supply chain.GM has reduced parts inventory and transportation costs by 26% annually.Wal-Mart became the largest retail company utilizing efficient inventory

Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles With Carotenoids

Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles With CarotenoidsRole of TiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles on photodegradation of machineotenoids st energy of carotenoids in solution.D.D.D.H Alwis, U.G. Chandrika, P.M. Jayaweera compendIntroductionCarotenoid (Car) whits as a sensitizer in Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with optimal photo conversion efficiency have recently been widely investigated by several(prenominal) researchers1-3. Car atomic number 18 one of the roughly widespread course occurring pigments which are of great interest due to their biological functions in life story organisms4. The most striking feature of the long chain car molecules is take up visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum, and therefore act as light harvesting pigments in green poses. The optical absorption of car molecules is occurred in the range of 400 nm to 550 nm with a genuinely high molar absorptivity coefficient. Besides their light harvesting and photo-protecting actions in plants, they p lay major roles as good antioxidants on preventing degenerative diseases and approximately of them are important dietary source of vitamin A.Light harvesting ability of car is responsible for their attractive glossarys and which is associated with the long conjugated three-fold bond system, composed of light buy uping chromophore5. Although the all-trans configuration of car is most stable in nature, several of mono-cis and di-cis isomers are possible during photodegradation of car. Cis-trans geometrical isomerisation of double bonds in chromophore may cause the loss in colour of car molecules as well as appearing a cis c everyplace in UV-region (Amaya et al. 2001). This colour loss may imparts the structural variations to the colour molecule and hence the performance of DSSC. Light Irradiation of car molecules is studied by several researchers6-8 and the photocatalyzed degradation of car on semiconductors such as TiO2, CdS and ZnO are studied by (kispert et al. 1998), he rev ea guide that a rapid photodegradation of car are occurred in the presence of the semiconductors.Recently the application of wide band col semiconductors mainly TiO2 are greatly under investigations for Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells over the last few years. TiO2 plays a major role in reading of higher conversion efficiency solar cells that is because due to its good photoactive properties9,10, as well as its biological and chemic inertness for more suitability for galore(postnominal) environmental applications. PV solar cells provide an attractive alternative to high approach energy sources for harnessing and converting free, unlimited solar energy into clean electricity10-12. However the overpriced raw materials and high manufacturing cost for silicon and Ru- ground solar cells have led to develop viable alternative for sensitizers in solar cells with new molecular materials using instinctively occurring plant materials. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) assembled by natur al dyes extracted from plant materials as a sensitizer have made considerable attendance due to their low cost and environmental friendliness13. DSSC composed of nanostructured, mesoporous, wide-bandgap semiconductor to which the dye molecules (sensitizers) are adsorbed, a counter electrode and an electrolyte. In DSSC the dye molecule absorb visible light, and inject electron from photo-excited state of dye molecule to conduction band of semiconductor.12,14 The performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell is mainly based on the structure of the visible light absorbing dye/ sensitizer. some(prenominal) researches were focused to enhance the conversion efficiency of solar cells by better the photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized semiconductor solar cells15,16. Recently (Polivka et al. 2002) studied the dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer and recombination between car and a TiO2 nanoparticle by means of transitory absorption spectroscopy6. On the other hand utilization of several natural dyes extracted from natural plant sources as sensitizers have been reported by several workers14,17. Besides that the interactions of human serum albumin, porphyrin and natural pigments with colloidal TiO2 were studied by several researchers18-21 with the use of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. However the photochemical behavior and the stability of car containing terminal carboxylic groups adsorb on to a step forward of semiconductor in a solvent mixture has not been extensively investigated to our knowledge.The present study involves the use of mono and di-carboxylic carotenoids bixin and norbixin respectively to investigate the interactions of TiO2 nanoparticles with carotenoids extracted from annato (Bixa orellana) seeds. The chemical structures of bixin and norbixin are shown in Fig. 1.Here we irradiate the car solution in MeOH in the presence of spray coated and non-coated TiO2 semiconductor glass eggshell to investigate the photodegradation behavio r of car. Further the effect of colloidal TiO2 on the fluorescence extermination of car was also studied to attain better understanding on the interception of the excited state of car on the TiO2 heighten. UV-vis absorption and UV-Vis diffuse reflection factor spectra were also obtained to characterized the car dye adsorb semiconductors.2. Experimental methods.2.1 Sample education and materialsTitanium (IV) 2-propoxide at 21 nm in diameter was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. both solvents were HPLC grade obtained from Aldrich.The outer coating of the Annatto seeds of the Bixa orellana tree (50 g) were removed by basal sonication and wash with hexane to extract the bixin14, followed by solvent removal by forget me drug evaporation. The crude residue was washed with cold solvent, further purified and dried. Norbixin was extracted by adding sedimentary alkali to one part of the bixin residue obtained previously then alter for hydrolysis, followed by cooling. An aqueous solution wa s filtered and acidified with 5 M HCl to precipitate norbixin, washed with cold hexane, purified and then dried to obtain solid norbixin22. All of the samples were N2 purged and stored at -20 C. Compounds were characterized using UV-vis spectrophotometry and HPLC techniques. A HPLC series 1200 (Agilent, Waldbronn Germany) apparatus equipped with a multiwavelength/ photodiode graze detectors was used for chromatographic analysis. The mobile phase consisting acetonitrile, methanol and ethyl acetate rayon with 0.05% (v/v) triethylamine was used at a flow rate 0.5 ml/min.2.2 UV-vis, UV-vis DRS and fluorescence spectroscopyElectronic absorption spectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer.., Spectro UV-vis double irradiation spectrophotometer Model UV-Vis diffuse reflectance (UV-Vis DRS) were obtained in the range of 200-900 nm withBaSO4 as the background on the Perkin-Elmer.spectrophotometer equipped with a integrating sphere.Fluorescence spectra were obtained at manner temperature us ing Thermo Scientific Lumina spectro-fluorophotometer, using 10/10 nm goof widths. The excitation wavelength was 350 nm and the emission spectra were recorded between 460 and 660 nm. Fluorometric titrations were carried out by successive addition of 26.3 mg dm-3 of TiO2 NPs colloid in EtOH with a micropipette. The fluorescence spectra were recorded under 300 K.Photodegradation study of Car on TiO2 coated and non-coated glass plates were investigated by irradiating the samples with broadband UV source Xenon arc lamp (W) at a distance . A spray coating method was used to have TiO2 coated glass plates having 2 cm2 cm surface area. During irradiation, the solutions were stirred magnetically and the effect of carotenoid degradation in pure MeOH, O2 purging and N2 purging were analyzed by measuring the absorbance of the solution at 460 nm for each 10 min intervals.