Ap Us History Ch. 1 Notes

A. P. U. S. History Notes Chapter 1 New World Beginnings Summary 225 million years ago, Earth was one supercontinent (Pangaea) and ocean. About 10 million years ago, the northmost the States that we know today was formed (geographical shape). The prototypal discoverers of North the States were nomadic Asians who wandered over here by way of an exposed filth bridgework from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Though they were hunters at first, by 5000 BC, they had become hunter-gatherers with a diet of basically maize.Great pre-European Indian cultures included the Pueblos, the Iroquois, the Mound Builders, the Mayans, the Incas, the Aztec, and the Sioux, among others (map of tribes on pg. 8). The Indians revered nature and land, and didnt carelessly destroy it. Everything was put to use. In k AD, Vikings ascertained Newfoundland, but later cast aside it due to untoward conditions. Europeans, though, slowly began to proliferate into non-European worlds starting around the 14 00s. After Marco Polo came back with stories of mainland China and its riches, Europeans began to explore.First, they set up settlements in Africa, near the shore, where they used African slaves to induce on plantations. In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India, opening a sea route to the off the beaten track(predicate) East. Complications and dangers of this eastern sea route influenced Christopher Columbus to sail west. In doing so, he inadvertently discovered the the Statess, though he never knew it. The Portuguese were first to settle in America, but the Spanish later became the preponderating nation in the Americas. Spanish Conquistadores swept finished Latin and south America, destroying the Aztecs and the Incas.Meanwhile, Magellans crew sailed around the world in 1519, becoming the first voyage to do so. As the chapter ended, Spain was very much in witness of much of the Americas, though other countries were beginning to challenge the Spanish dominance. consequential Peo ple The Aztecs- Native Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their matinee idols human sacrifices, these stack were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great cultivation without having a wheel. The Mound Builders- Indians of the Ohio River Valley. The manuscriptan settlement-At Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Illionis, was basis to about 40,000 people in at 1100 A. D. Hiawatha- This was legendary leader who stimulate the Iroquois, a powerful base of Native Americans in the northeaster woodlands of the U. S. The Norse- These Vikings discovered America in about 1000 A. D. , when they discovered modern-day Newfoundland. They abandoned it later due to bad conditions. Marco Polo- Italian adventurer who supposedly sailed to the Far East (China) in 1295 and returned with stories and supplies of the Asian life there (silk, pearls, etc) Bartholomeu Dias-A Portuguese sailor, he was the first to round the southernmost tip of Africa, a sweat he did in 1488. Vasco da Gama- In 1498, he reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile- The wedded king and faerie of Spain, their marriage united the previously non-existing country. Christopher Columbus- An Italian sea farawayer who persuaded Spain to give him one-third ships for which to sail west to look for a better route to India, he discovered America in 1492 Vasco Nunez Balboa- Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513.Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519, his crew began a voyage and eventually ended up becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, even though he died in the Philippines. The sole surviving ship returned to Europe in 1522. Ponce de Leon- In 1513 and 1521, this Spanish Explorer explored Florida, searching for gold (contrary to the myth of his seeking the outflow of Youth). Francisco Coronado- From 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, penetrati ng as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand canyon and enormous herds of bison. Hernando de Soto-From 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida and crossed the Mississippi River. He brutally ill-use Indians and died of fever and battle wounds. Francisco Pizarro- In 1532, he crushed the Incas of Peru and got lots of bounty. Bartolome de Las Casas- A Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it a moral pestilence invented by Satan. Hernan Cortes- Annihilator of the Aztec in 1519. Malinche- A female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec. Montezuma- The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortes invasion who believed that Cortes was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.Giovanni Caboto- AKA John Cabot, he explored the northeastern coaster of North America in 1497-98. Giovanni da Verranzo- An Italian explorer dispatched by the French king in 1524 to try out the eastern seaboard of U. S. Don Juan de Onate- Leader of a Spanish group th at traversed parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in 1598, he and his men proclaimed the state of matter of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital, Santa Fe. Robert de La Salle- Sent by the French, he went on an expedition down the Mississippi in the 1680s. Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo- He explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find anything of interest.Father Junipero Serra- The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded legation San Diego, the first of the chain. Key hurt & Words, etc maize- the Indian word for corn Conquistadores the Spanish word for conqueror, these explorers claimed much of America for Spain, slaughtering millions of natives in the process encomienda- a euphemism for slavery in which Indians were given to colonists to be Christianized. Dia de la Raza- Spanish for Columbus Day. Lake Bonneville- massive prehistoric lake, all of which the Great Compromiser today in the form of the Great Salt Lake.Trea ty of Tordesillas- treaty that settled Spanish and Portuguese differences in the Americas, Portugal got modern-day Brazil Spain got the rest. popes Rebellion- revolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for about half a hundred. Places and Countries Timbuktu- Capital of the West African kingdom of Mali, a place located in the Niger River Valley. Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, Pricipe- Areas where sugar plantations were established by Portugal consequently Spain where African slaves were forced to work. Potosi- A rich silver mine in Bolivia that enriched Spain with lots of wealth.Timeline c. 33,000 8000 BC First humans come to Americas from land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska. c. 5000 BC Corn is developed as a stable pasture in highland Mexico. c. 4000 BC First civilized societies develop in the Middle East. c. 1200 BC Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest. c. 1000 AD Norse voyagers discover and briefly settle in Newfoundland (Vinland). Also, corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeaster Atlantic seaboard. c. 100 AD prime of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia c. 1100 1300 Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East. 1295 Marco Polo returns to Europe from Asia. Late 1400s Spain unites. 1488 Diaz rounds the southern tip of Africa. 1492 Columbus land in the Bahamas. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas amid Spain and Portugal. 1498 da Gama reaches India. Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England. 1513 Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain. 1513 & 1521 Ponce de Leon explores Florida. 1519 1521 Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain, defeating the Aztecs. 1522 Magellans crew completes circumnavigation of the world. 1524 Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of Norh America for France. 1532 Pizarro crushes the Incas. 1534 Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River. 1539 1542 de Soto explores the Southeast and discoveres the Mississippi River. 1540 1542 Coronado explores present-day Southwest 1542 Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain. 1565 Spanish build guard at St. Augustine. Late 1500s Iroquois Confederacy founded (according to Iroquois legend) c. 598 1609 Spanish under Onate conquer Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande Valley. 1609 Spanish found New Mexico. 1680 Popes rebellion of New Mexico. 1680s French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle 1769 Father Junipero Serra founds Mission San Diego, in California. Makers of America Conquistadores included Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztecs and the Incas respectively. Within half a century of Columbus discovery of America, they had claimed, for Spain, territory that stretched form Colorado to Argentina. They spread from Cuba through Mexico and from Panama, south through Peru. As the Spanish crown tightened its grip on its colonies, though, the conquistadors lost more and more power. Most of them never achieved their dreams of glor y, though a few received royal titles. Many of them married Indian women, creating a new class of people called mestizos. The mestizos formed a bridge between Latin Americas Indian and European races.